"The Prospects for Liberal Nationalism in Post-Leninist States is the first book to systematically compare the impact of Leninist legacies on post-communist national identity. Cheng's main argument-that the fusion of indigenous Leninism and nationalism in Russia and China presents greater obstacles to the development of liberal nationalism than in comparable cases in Eastern Europe-represents a welcome reminder that the excessive concentration on the here and now in post-communist studies has prevented us from adequately conceptualizing the impact of Leninist legacies on contemporary developments. A well-written, lucid, and thought-provoking book."—Veljko Vujacic, Oberlin College

“This is a compelling comparative study of communist regimes that succeeds in crossing some unhelpful but durable geographical and intellectual divides. In particular, Chen draws her cases from both Europe and Asia, and she accounts for types of nationalist development (liberal versus illiberal) by referring to variations in both ideology and the political-economic institutions of state socialism.” —Valerie Bunce, Cornell University

The fall of communism in the Soviet Union led many to hope and expect that liberal democracy would immediately take root across postcommunist states, marking what Francis Fukuyama famously referred to as the “end of history.” Since then, however, a very different picture has emerged, most notably in the form of nationalist sentiments that have steered many postcommunist countries in an illiberal direction, even in regimes committed to market reforms and formally democratic institutions.

Cheng Chen examines this phenomenon in comparative perspective, showing that the different pathways of nationbuilding under Leninism affected the character of Leninist regimes and, later, the differential prospects for liberal democracy in the postcommunist era. In China and Russia, Chen shows, liberalism and nationalism were more difficult to reconcile because Leninism was indigenous and had a more significant impact on nation-building. In Hungary and Romania, by contrast, Leninism was a foreign import and had less of an effect on traditional national identity. As we witness the struggle to establish democracy in places such as Afghanistan and Iraq, a study that examines the salience of historical legacies seems particularly timely.