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The Social and the Real
Political Art of the 1930s in the Western Hemisphere
384 pages | 96 illustrations | 7 x 9.5 | 2005
Cloth edition is not available
ISBN 978-0-271-02691-6 | paper: $57.95 sh
“This collections approach proves quite refreshing, lending more legitimacy to the study of a still-neglected phase of art history. [Other] essays in this welcome volume add the issues of race and sexuality to the discussion of social realism in the United States and Canada. Most readers will come away from this book with a clearer view of political art as a hemispheric phenomenon.” —Patrick Frank, Hispanic American Historical Review
“The 14 eclectic essays focus on a single topic—an artist, movement, or subject. All reveal fascinating facts and analyses that incrementally add to a better understanding of this period.” —Lincoln Cushing, The Americas
“The Social and the Real looks at 1930s art in a hemispheric context and fills a very real need. . . . Taken individually, the essays . . . represent important contributions to scholarship. . Considered together, they enlarge in striking and unanticipated ways our understanding of the art of this period.” —Alan Wallach, William and Mary College
During the 1930s, American artists such as Ben Shahn developed a mode of representation generally known as Social Realism. This term is given broad new meaning in the anthology brought together by Alejandro Anreus, Diana L. Linden, and Jonathan Weinberg. They and their collaborators argue that artists of the Depression era believed that their art became "realistic" by engaging the great economic and political issues of society. Through fresh investigation of the visual culture of the 1930s—painting, sculpture, photography, and the graphic arts—the anthology illuminates the struggle for social justice that led artists to embrace leftist ideologies and fashion an art aimed at revealing the harsh realities of contemporary life.
In sharp contrast to earlier studies, The Social and the Real contends that the radical, "realistic" art of the Americas during the 1930s was shaped as much by hemispheric exchange as by emulation of the European avant-garde. Alan Trachtenberg, Mary K. Coffey, and the book's other essayists consider Canadian art alongside art from the United States, the Caribbean, and as far south as Argentina. Some of the artists they discuss, like Philip Evergood or Dorthea Lange, are well known; others—the Argentinean Antonio Berni or the Canadian Parakeva Clark—deserve wider recognition. Situating such artists within the context of Pan-American exchange transforms the structure of the art-historical field. It also produces major new insights. The rise of Social Realism, for instance, is traced back not to the United States in the 1930s, but instead to the Mexico of the early 1920s.
The Social and the Real makes an assessment of Social Realism that iscomprehensive as well as groundbreaking. The opening essays deal with "reality and authenticity" in representation of "the nation." Subsequent essays consider portrayals of manhood, labor, lynching, and people pushed to the margins of society because of religious or ethnic identity. The volume concludes with a pair of essays—one on artists' links with Communism, the other on the portrayal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's physical infirmity—that carry the discussion of Social Realism into the postwar period.
The Social and the Real is the first anthology to deal with the painting,sculpture, graphic arts, and photography of the 1930s in a hemispheric context.We take as axiomatic Cuban poet, journalist, and political theorist José Martí's (1853-95) definition of "America" as a hemispheric, multiracial, and multiethnic entity in which the United States is one nation among many. Although many of the individual essays have a relatively narrow focus, as an aggregate they begin the process of forging a Pan-American perspective on the art of the period, encouraging the reader to compare and contrast the experiences of artists across national boundaries and reconsider familiar narratives. Thinking about art and politics in a hemispheric context expands the very chronology of social realism. Whereas scholars in the United States locate the origins of the movement with the economic crash of 1929 and conclude it with the advent of World War II, the story really begins in Mexico in the early 1920s and continues during the 1940s and 1950s throughout the hemisphere.
AlejandroAnreus is Associate Professor of Art History and Latin AmericanStudies at William Paterson University.
Diana L. Linden is a visiting Assistant Professor, Pitzer College,Claremont, CA.
Jonathan Weinberg is an artist and Fellow, Vera List Center for Art and Politics, New School University.
Contents
Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Introduction
I. Representing the Nation: Reality and Authenticity
Signifying the Real: Documentary Photography in the 1930s
Alan Trachtenberg
Social and Political Commentary in Cuban Modernist Painting of the 1930s
Juan A. Martinez
The "Mexican Problem": Nation and "Native" in Mexican Muralism and Cultural Discourse
Mary K. Coffey
Canadian Political Art in the 1930s: "A Form of Distancing"
Marylin McKay
Adapting to Argentinean Reality: The New Realism of Antonio Berni
Alejandro Anreus
II. Men, Manhood, and the Male Body
I Want Muscle: Male Desire and the Image of the Worker in American Art of the 1930s
Jonathan Weinberg
Making History: Malvin Gray Johnson's and Earle W. Richardson's Studies for Negro Achievement
Jacqueline Francis
Lynching and Anti-Lynching: Art and Politics in the 1930s
Marlene Park
III. Labor and Labor Conflict
Art and Politics in the Popular Front: The Union Work and Social Realism of Philip Evergood
Patricia Hills
Workers and Painters: Social Realism and Race in Diego Rivera's Detroit Murals
Anthony W. Lee
IV. Voices on the Margins
"Come Out from Behind the Pre-Cambrian Shield": The Politics of Memory and Identity in the Art of Paraskeva Clark
Natalie Luckyj
Ben Shahn's New Deal Murals: Jewish Identity in the American Scene
Diana L. Linden
V. Extending the Discourse
Between Zhdanovism and 57th Street: Artists and the CPUSA, 1945-1956
Andrew Hemingway
The President's Two Bodies: Stagings and Restagings of the New Deal Body Politic
Sally Stein
Index